Unit 10 Online Practice Exercises & Review

Unit 10 1. CONDITIONALS A) First Conditional: Real Possibility We are talking about the future. We are thinking about a particular condition or situation in the future, and the result of this condition. There is a real possibility that this condition will happen. For example, it is morning. You are at home. You plan to play tennis this afternoon. But there are some clouds in the sky. Imagine that it rains. What will you do? IF CONDITION RESULT   PRESENT SIMPLE WILL + BASE VERB If it rains I will stay at home. Notice that we are thinking about a future condition. It is not raining yet. But the sky is cloudy and you think that it could rain. We use the present simple tense to talk about the possible future condition. We use WILL + base verb to talk about the possible future result. The important thing about the first conditional is that there is a real possibility that the condition will happen. Here are some more examples (do you remember the two basic structures: [IF condition result] and [result IF condition]?): IF CONDITION RESULT PRESENT SIMPLE WILL + BASE VERB If I see Mary I will tell her. If Tara is free tomorrow he will invite her. If If they do not pass their exam their teacher will be sad. If If it rains tomorrow will you stay at home? If If it rains tomorrow what will you do? RESULT IF CONDITION WILL + BASE VERB PRESENT SIMPLE I will tell Mary if see her. He will invite Tara if she is free tomorrow. Their teacher will be sad if they do not pass their exam. Will you stay at home if it rains tomorrow? What will you do if it rains tomorrow? B)  Second Conditional: Unreal Possibility Or Dream The second conditional is like the first conditional. We are still thinking about the future. We are thinking about a particular condition in the future, and the result of this condition. But there is not a real possibility that this condition will happen. For example, you do not have a lottery ticket. Is it possible to win? No! No lottery ticket, no win! But maybe you will buy a lottery ticket in the future. So you can think about winning in the future, like a dream. It's not very real, but it's still possible. IF CONDITION RESULT PAST SIMPLE WOULD + BASE VERB If I won the lottery I would buy a car. Notice that we are thinking about a future condition. We use the past simple tense to talk about the future condition. We use WOULD + base verb to talk about the future result. The important thing about the second conditional is that there is an unreal possibility that the condition will happen. Here are some more examples: IF CONDITION RESULT PAST SIMPLE WOULD + BASE VERB If I married Mary I would be happy. If Ram became rich she would marry him. If it snowed next July would you be surprised? If it snowed next July what would you do? RESULT IF CONDITION WOULD + BASE VERB PAST SIMPLE I would be happy if I married Mary. She would marry if he became rich. Would you be surprised if it snowed next July? What would you do if it snowed next July? Note” Sometimes, we use should, could or might instead of would, for example: If I won a million dollars, I could stop working. C) Third Conditional: No Possibility The first conditional and second conditionals talk about the future. With the third conditional we talk about the past. We talk about a condition in the past that did not happen. That is why there is no possibility for this condition. The third conditional is also like a dream, but with no possibility of the dream coming true. Last week you bought a lottery ticket. But you did not win. :-( CONDITION RESULT PAST PERFECT WOULD HAVE+ PAST PARTICIPLE If I had won the lottery I would have bought a car. Notice that we are thinking about an impossible past condition. You did not win the lottery. So the condition was not true, and that particular condition can never be true because it is finished. We use the past perfect tense to talk about the impossible past condition. We use WOULD HAVE + past participle to talk about the impossible past result. The important thing about the third conditional is that both the condition and result are impossible now. Note: Sometimes, we use should have, could have, might have instead of would have, for Example: If you had bought a lottery ticket, you might have won. Look at some more examples in the tables below: IF CONDITION RESULT PAST PERFECT WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE If I had seen Mary I would have told her. If Tara had been free yesterday I would have invited her. If they had not passed their exam their teacher would have been sad. If it had rained yesterday would you have stayed at home? it had rained yesterday what would you have done? RESULT IF CONDITION WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE   PAST PERFECT I would have told Mary if I had seen her. I would have invited Tara if she had been free yesterday. Their teacher would have been sad if they had not passed their exam. Would you have stayed at home if it had rained yesterday? What would you have done it had rained yesterday? D) Zero Conditional: Certainty We use the so-called zero conditional when the result of the condition is always true, like a scientific fact. Take some ice. Put it in a saucepan. Heat the saucepan. What happens? The ice melts (it becomes water). You would be surprised if it did not. CONDITION RESULT PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE If you heat ice it melts. Notice that we are thinking about a result that is always true for this condition. The result of the condition is an absolute certainty. We are not thinking about the future or the past, or even the present. We are thinking about a simple fact. We use the present simple tense to talk about the condition. We also use the present simple tense to talk about the result. The important thing about the zero conditional is that the condition always has the same result. We can also use when instead of if, for example: When I get up late I miss my bus. Look at some more examples in the tables below: IF CONDITION RESULT PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE If I miss the 8 o'clock bus I am late for work. If I am late for work my boss gets angry. If people don't eat they get hungry. If you heat ice does it melt? RESULT IF CONDITION PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE I am late for work if I miss the 8 o'clock bus. My boss gets angry if I am late for work. People get hungry if they don't eat. Does ice melt if you heat it? Online Practice http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-conditional_quiz.htm http://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditional2.htm  http://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditional3.htm http://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditional6.htm http://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditional12.htm http://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditional10.htm

2. What is inversion? Inversion involves swapping (inverting) the position of the auxiliary verb and the subject in a sentence. Used in A.           Questions B.            Emphasis C.            Conditional sentences A. QUESTIONS The most common use of inversion is forming questions (interrogative sentences). Example: You are going somewhere                   Are you going somewhere? AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCE QUESTION Earth is small compared to other planets Is Earth small compared to other planets? I am thirsty Am I thirsty? My name is Mark Is my name Mark? If there is no auxiliary verb in the sentence, one needs to be added when you invert the word order. Examples AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCE QUESTION AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCE QUESTION Andrew had health problems Did Andrew have health problems? It belongs to Emma Does it belong to Emma? She looked tired Did she look tired?  B. EMPHASIS Use inversion to show emphasis. Examples •Little did she know how much work was left. •On no account must you sleep at school. •Never should you forget who your boss is. •Only then can you belong to me. •Here comes the sun. Note: The structure is rarely used in spoken English. Most often, you will find it in books. In this article, we're going to have a look at inversion that sometimes takes place with certain adverbs and adverb phrases, mostly with a negative or restrictive sense. Such adverbs (adverb phrases)  can be placed first in a sentence or clause for emphasis. They are then  followed by the interrogative (i.e. inverted ) form of the verb. The most important of these adverbs include: ■hardly ever      ■never                                        ■scarcely ever ■only by ■in no circumstances                    ■only in this way on no account ■hardly . . . when ■only then/when no sooner . . . than        ■scarcely . . . when ■not only                                    ■seldom ■nowhere ■not till                                     ■so ■neither/nor Examples of how to use them: ■ I had never before been to lie. = Never before had I been asked to lie. ■ a) / haven't got any money.  b) Neither/Nor have I. ■ They not only rob you, they smash everything too. = Not only do they rob you, they smash everything too. ■ She became so depressed that . . . = So depressed did she become that. . . ■ This switch must not be touched on any account. = On no account must this switch be touched. ■ Mike didn't realize how difficult how situation was till he received the letter. = Not till he received the letter did he realize how difficult his situation was. Also note  that a second negative verb in a sentence can sometimes be expressed by nor with inversion: ■ She had no friends and didn't know anyone who could help her. = She had no friends, nor did she know anyone who could help her. C. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES Inversion is also used in formal conditional sentences. In formal English, conditional sentences can be formed by inversion of the subject and the auxiliary verb. In such sentences, if is removed. For example, these two sentences are (almost) the same: Normal Conditional Sentence               =         Conditional Sentence with Inversion  If I were taller, I would be happier.      =          Were I taller, I would be happier.  We can use inversion in unreal present as well as unreal past. UNREAL PRESENT •Were I you, I would visit my grandfather. UNREAL PAST •Had I known this fact before, I wouldn't have come here. •Had Jake been informed about the meeting, he would have participated. Examples •Were I you, I would visit my grandfather. Online Practice http://www.eoioviedo.org/loli/inversionex.htm http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-83020.php http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-66911.php http://www.englishtenses.com/exercise/inversion_exercise