from putlearningfirst
The mode is the medium of communication, which divides fundamentally into speech and writing. These are in fact very different communications systems which are used to convey different forms of a single language. While the spoken mode is coded in sounds the written mode is coded in symbols and the two different codings each bring with them significant features. However, many people imagine spoken and written English are closely related notions. Close examination reveals that there are as many differences as there are connections.
The written mode uses its own versions of speech features, which can be shown in the following table. The written form's most important characteristic is that, unlike the immediacy of speech, there is the opportunity to revise and correct.
Writing is long lasting while speech is ephemeral.
Each mode may range from spontaneous, (a casual conversation or a scribbled written note) to planned (a prepared talk or a formal essay).
The mode is the medium of communication, which divides fundamentally into speech and writing. These are in fact very different communications systems which are used to convey different forms of a single language. While the spoken mode is coded in sounds the written mode is coded in symbols and the two different codings each bring with them significant features. However, many people imagine spoken and written English are closely related notions. Close examination reveals that there are as many differences as there are connections.
The written mode uses its own versions of speech features, which can be shown in the following table. The written form's most important characteristic is that, unlike the immediacy of speech, there is the opportunity to revise and correct.
Writing is long lasting while speech is ephemeral.
Each mode may range from spontaneous, (a casual conversation or a scribbled written note) to planned (a prepared talk or a formal essay).
Speech
|
Writing
|
| Pauses | Punctuation (.,;:-) |
| Hesitation | Punctuation (- ...) |
| Fillers | usually omitted but can be expressed in written speech as "er" |
| Non fluency features | usually omitted but can be expressed in written speech as "er" or punctuation (- ...) |
| Expression of emotions | conventional forms - "aagh!" "grr!" including use of exclamation mark, italics and bold |
| Grammatical errors | Fewer |
| Irregular suprasegmentals | None |
| Incomplete syntax | Rare, expressed as "..." |
| Overlaps | Expressed as "..." or authorial voice eg Bill interrupted. |
| Instant feedback | Long delays in conventional print, faster in newspapers, faster again in online discussion groups and nearly instant in chat rooms |
| Phonology | layout, typography |
| Pronunciation | Spelling |
| Accent | Spelling |
| Dialect | Vocabulary |
| Discourse features | Rare except as vocabulary |
| Redundancy | Rare |
| Divergency from topic | Rare |
| Serial coordinators | Sentences and more logical coordinators |
| Ill defined sentence structure | Less common. Sentences generally well defined with punctuation defining clauses. |
| Inexplicit, great use of pronouns | More explicit. Nouns preferred to pronouns. |
| Paralinguistics - gesture and body language | Limited to typography |
| Seamless topic change | Topic change by sentence or paragraph |
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